We aim to provide evidence-based care as a means to ensure quality, effectiveness, and safety to our critically ill patients. It often feels like the more we “learn”, however, the more confused our understanding of critical illness and its optimal therapies becomes. In this session, speakers will outline the challenges in performing quality critical care research and, using a heterogenous array of topics—airway management, early mobilization in the ICU, palliative care communication strategies, and ARDS—with recent evidence, help us to understand how they incorporate unexpected and often conflicting study findings into the care of their patients.