Mitochondria have traditionally been considered the “powerhouses” of the cell. Emerging data spanning diverse scientific disciplines have established the dynamic and pleiotropic role of mitochondria in cellular homeostasis, function, stress/injury, inflammation, senescence and repair responses. Our understanding of the maternally-inherited genetic programming of mitochondria, which possess a genome, proteome, and metabolome that are distinct from host cells, expands as mitochondrial-specific assays, imaging techniques and targeting become feasible. This session will highlight the critical physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of mitochondria in acute and chronic lung diseases as well as in systemic syndromes, such as sepsis and critical illness.